Class 12 Political Science. the cold war era
1. Explain the Cold War and its Global Impact.
Answer:
The Cold War was a prolonged period of geopolitical tension between the United States and the Soviet Union after World War II, marked by ideological conflict between capitalism and communism. Although it didn’t lead to direct war, it resulted in proxy wars (like Korea and Vietnam), formation of military alliances (NATO vs. Warsaw Pact), nuclear arms race, and global division. The world was polarized, and nations had to align with either bloc or follow non-alignment, significantly shaping world politics for decades.
2. Discuss the causes of the disintegration of the USSR.
Answer:
The USSR disintegrated in 1991 due to several reasons: economic stagnation, political rigidity, lack of transparency, ethnic tensions, and the failure of reforms like Glasnost and Perestroika. Rising nationalistic movements in Soviet republics and Mikhail Gorbachev’s weakening grip also contributed. The collapse led to the emergence of 15 independent countries and the end of the bipolar world order.
3. What is the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM)? What role did it play during the Cold War?
Answer:
NAM was a coalition of newly independent countries that did not formally align with either the US or USSR blocs. It aimed at maintaining sovereignty and peace through neutrality. Leaders like Nehru, Tito, and Nasser believed that smaller nations should not be drawn into the Cold War. NAM promoted peaceful coexistence, disarmament, and development, playing a moral and diplomatic role in world politics.
4. Describe India’s policy of non-alignment. Was it successful?
Answer:
India’s non-alignment policy emphasized independent foreign relations, peaceful coexistence, and global peace. It allowed India to receive aid from both blocs, maintain sovereignty, and play a mediating role in international conflicts. Although criticized at times, it helped India stay out of direct conflicts and shape NAM as a global voice for the developing world.
5. What were the outcomes of the Cuban Missile Crisis?
Answer:
The 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis almost brought the world to nuclear war when the USSR placed missiles in Cuba. The US responded with a naval blockade. After tense negotiations, the USSR withdrew the missiles in exchange for US assurance not to invade Cuba and removal of US missiles from Turkey. It led to a communication hotline between Washington and Moscow and increased efforts toward nuclear disarmament.
6. Define globalization. How does it affect Indian society and economy?
Answer:
Globalization is the increasing interconnectedness of countries through trade, technology, and culture. For India, globalization opened its economy to foreign investment and global markets, boosted the IT sector, and diversified cultural exposure. However, it also increased inequality, led to loss of traditional livelihoods, and exposed domestic industries to global competition.
7. What is the role of the United Nations in peacekeeping? Give examples.
Answer:
The UN promotes global peace through peacekeeping missions, conflict mediation, and humanitarian assistance. Its missions in Rwanda, Congo, and South Sudan have aimed to restore stability. Although limited by member consensus and funding, the UN remains a vital platform for resolving global conflicts and addressing crises like refugee displacement and climate change.
8. Explain India’s relations with the United States in the post-Cold War era.
Answer:
Post-Cold War, India-US relations evolved from cautious engagement to strategic partnership. The ties strengthened with trade, defense cooperation, and civil nuclear agreements. Initiatives like the Quad and Indo-Pacific strategy reflect shared concerns on regional security and China’s influence. Despite differences on issues like WTO or Iran, the relationship continues to deepen.
9. Write a note on India-China relations.
Answer:
India-China relations have been a mix of cooperation and conflict. Despite shared cultural history and trade ties, the 1962 war, border disputes, and growing military tensions (like Galwan clash in 2020) strain ties. Economic interdependence and BRICS participation show cooperation, but unresolved borders and strategic competition remain major challenges.
10. Describe the evolution of the European Union.
Answer:
The EU started as a post-WWII peace project with six countries forming the European Coal and Steel Community. It grew into a political and economic union with 27 members. The EU has its own parliament, currency (Euro), and common policies on trade and environment. Brexit in 2020 was a major event in its evolution, showcasing internal tensions.