Q1. What marks the beginning of recent political developments in India?The post-1989 era, when Congress lost dominance and coalition governments began, marks the start of contemporary political shifts. Q2. What is meant by the era of coalition politics?A phase where no single party gained full majority, leading to alliances and joint governments at the Centre….
Q1. What are regional aspirations?Regional aspirations are demands by people in specific areas for autonomy, identity, development, or recognition due to perceived neglect or cultural distinctiveness. Q2. Why do regional movements arise in India?Due to economic underdevelopment, cultural identity, language, neglect by central government, and local political leadership demanding greater autonomy or statehood. Q3. What…
Q1. What are popular movements?Popular movements are mass mobilizations by ordinary people to demand rights, justice, or reforms outside formal political institutions, often led by civil society groups or activists. Q2. How are popular movements different from political parties?Parties seek power through elections; movements aim to influence policy, highlight issues, or bring change through protests,…
Q1. What was the Emergency in India?The Emergency was a 21-month period (1975–1977) when civil liberties were suspended, press censored, and political opposition jailed under Prime Minister Indira Gandhi’s rule. Q2. Why was the Emergency declared in 1975?Indira Gandhi declared Emergency citing internal disturbances after the Allahabad High Court invalidated her election and growing protests…
Q1. What is a political party?A political party is an organised group of people with common ideology that seeks to attain and maintain political power through elections. Q2. What are the functions of political parties?They contest elections, form governments, shape policies, represent people, provide leadership, and act as a link between the government and citizens….
Q1. What is foreign policy?Foreign policy is a country’s strategy to manage relations with other nations, aiming to protect national interest, promote peace, trade, and diplomatic cooperation. Q2. What are the main objectives of India’s foreign policy?Sovereignty protection, economic development, world peace, anti-colonialism, non-alignment, and promotion of global justice. Q3. Who formulates India’s foreign policy?The…
Q1. What is planned development?Planned development involves systematic efforts by the government to guide economic growth through Five-Year Plans, focusing on equity, self-reliance, and modernization. Q2. Why did India adopt planning after independence?To address poverty, inequality, backwardness, and lack of infrastructure through state-led initiatives and long-term development strategies in a mixed economy. Q3. What is…
Q1. What does ‘one-party dominance’ mean in Indian politics?It refers to the Indian National Congress winning major elections and ruling for decades after independence with little opposition at the national level. Q2. Why did Congress dominate the early Indian elections?Because of its role in the freedom struggle, strong leadership, grassroots organisation, and appeal to diverse…
Q1. What was the first major challenge after independence?To unify over 500 princely states into the Indian Union while maintaining national integrity and democratic values under a single constitution. Q2. What were the three challenges before independent India?Nation-building, establishing democracy, and ensuring development and economic equality in a diverse, poor, and partitioned country. Q3. What…
Q1. What is globalisation?Globalisation is the process of increasing interconnectedness among countries through trade, communication, migration, culture, and technology, influencing economies, politics, and societies worldwide. Q2. How has globalisation impacted the world?It has increased trade, created jobs, improved technology, and cultural exchange, but also widened inequality, caused job losses in some sectors, and harmed the…
