Chapter 9 – Solar Radiation, Heat Balance and Temperature
What is solar radiation?Solar radiation is energy emitted by the Sun in the form of electromagnetic waves. It includes visible light, ultraviolet, and infrared rays that reach Earth and drive climate and weather. What is insolation?Insolation is the incoming solar radiation received on Earth’s surface. It varies with latitude, season, time of day, and atmospheric…
Chapter 6 – Geomorphic Processes
What are geomorphic processes?They are natural processes responsible for shaping Earth’s surface through physical and chemical actions like weathering, erosion, transportation, and deposition, operating over time to form landforms. What is endogenic force?Forces originating inside the Earth. They cause movements like earthquakes, volcanism, folding, and faulting, leading to the creation of major landforms like mountains…
Chapter 5 – Minerals and Rocks
What is a mineral?A mineral is a naturally occurring inorganic substance with a definite chemical composition and atomic structure. They form through geological processes and can be solid, crystalline, or amorphous. How are minerals classified?Minerals are classified based on their chemical composition: silicates, oxides, sulphides, carbonates, halides, and native elements like gold and silver. What…