Chapter 9 – Globalisation
Q1. What is globalisation?
Globalisation is the process of increasing interconnectedness among countries through trade, communication, migration, culture, and technology, influencing economies, politics, and societies worldwide.
Q2. How has globalisation impacted the world?
It has increased trade, created jobs, improved technology, and cultural exchange, but also widened inequality, caused job losses in some sectors, and harmed the environment.
Q3. What are the drivers of globalisation?
Technological advances, liberal economic policies, international trade agreements, transport development, and the internet have accelerated global integration and mobility.
Q4. What is economic globalisation?
It refers to the integration of national economies through trade, investment, outsourcing, and capital flow, leading to a single global market.
Q5. How does globalisation affect sovereignty?
It reduces a country’s absolute control over its economy and policies due to global agreements, international institutions, and foreign influences.
Q6. What are the political consequences of globalisation?
Globalisation can empower international organisations, weaken state power, but also increase democratic demands and global pressure for reforms.
Q7. What are the cultural effects of globalisation?
Cultures mix through media, fashion, food, and lifestyles. While it spreads modernity, it also risks cultural homogenisation and loss of traditional identities.
Q8. What is the anti-globalisation movement?
A global protest movement that criticises globalisation’s negative effects like inequality, exploitation, environmental damage, and corporate dominance over public interests.
Q9. How has globalisation affected India?
It opened India’s economy, boosted growth, created IT jobs, increased FDI, but also led to job insecurity, farmer distress, and rising inequality.
Q10. What was the 1991 economic reform in India?
India liberalised its economy by reducing state control, encouraging private enterprise, and opening to global trade and investment under IMF guidance.
Q11. What are multinational corporations (MNCs)?
Companies that operate in multiple countries, taking advantage of cheaper labour, markets, and resources to produce and sell goods and services globally.
Q12. What is outsourcing?
The practice of hiring external firms or individuals, often from other countries, to perform tasks or services like customer support or software development.
Q13. How does the World Trade Organization (WTO) promote globalisation?
WTO sets rules for international trade, resolves disputes, and encourages free trade, facilitating global economic integration.
Q14. What is liberalisation?
It means reducing government restrictions in the economy, allowing free market policies and private sector participation in trade and business.
Q15. What is privatisation?
Privatisation refers to transferring ownership of state-owned enterprises to private hands, aiming for better efficiency, competition, and innovation.
Q16. What is global governance?
Cooperation among international institutions, states, and civil society to manage global issues like climate change, trade, health, and security.
Q17. What is glocalisation?
A blend of global and local practices where global products or ideas are adapted to fit local cultures and needs, like McAloo Tikki in India.
Q18. What are global commons?
Resources shared by all countries and not owned by any one nation, such as oceans, atmosphere, Antarctica, and outer space.
Q19. What is the digital divide in globalisation?
It refers to unequal access to internet and technology between developed and developing countries, creating inequality in knowledge, services, and opportunities.
Q20. What are Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) in globalisation?
NGOs work across borders to address global issues like human rights, development, and environmental protection, often influencing policy and public opinion.
Q21. How does globalisation affect employment?
It creates jobs in services and exports but can also cause job losses in traditional sectors and increase informal, low-wage work.
Q22. What is cultural homogenisation?
It is the spread of a single global culture, often Western, reducing cultural diversity and traditional practices.
Q23. What is cultural hybridisation?
Mixing of global and local cultures to create new, unique forms of art, food, media, and lifestyles.
Q24. How does globalisation affect the environment?
It increases industrial activity, pollution, and resource consumption, but also spreads awareness and green technologies globally.
Q25. What is economic interdependence?
Countries rely on each other for trade, investment, and services, making economies connected and vulnerable to global events.
Q26. How does the media promote globalisation?
Global media spreads ideas, news, fashion, and entertainment, creating shared experiences and connecting people worldwide.
Q27. What is the role of the IMF in globalisation?
The International Monetary Fund gives financial assistance and advises countries on economic reforms, playing a key role in liberalising economies.
Q28. What is global inequality?
It refers to the unequal distribution of income, resources, and opportunities between rich and poor countries or individuals.
Q29. Why is there resistance to globalisation?
Due to job losses, cultural erosion, environmental harm, and loss of local control, people protest against uncontrolled globalisation.
Q30. Can globalisation be made fair?
Yes, by ensuring labour rights, environmental protection, ethical trade, and policies that reduce inequality and empower weaker nations and communities.